Blood test in men, women and children: norm and deviation in general clinical, biochemical, immunological, hormonal and serological

Types of blood tests
General clinical blood test
Metrics collected
Decoding the results: norm and deviation
When to take it
Blood chemistry
Metrics collected
Decoding the results: norm and deviation
When to take it
Immunological blood test
Metrics collected
Decoding the results: norm and deviation
When to take it
Hormonal blood test
Metrics collected
Decoding the results: norm and deviation
When to take it
Serological blood test
Serological blood test methods
What is the result of a serological blood test?
When to take it
How and where to get a blood test

Blood is taken for analysis in order to determine the state of the body and its functionality, identify organ diseases, hormonal imbalances, lack of vitamins and nutrients, find out about the presence of viruses and infections, inflammatory processes and other diseases. Blood is also taken to monitor the progress of pregnancy and to identify its group and Rh factor.

Types of blood tests

There are 5 main types of blood tests:

General clinical blood test
, which is carried out as part of a general clinical examination of the patient. Allows you to assess your overall health and identify a number of problems that will require further diagnosis.
A biochemical blood test
allows you to analyze the functioning of internal organs, metabolism, metabolism and the body’s need for trace elements and vitamins;
Immunological blood test
- detects viral, infectious, oncological and allergic diseases;
A hormonal blood test
allows you to determine the level of hormones and draw conclusions about the correct functioning of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, genital organs and others.
A serological blood test
shows the stage of the infectious process.

Each test examines a number of blood parameters in a laboratory setting. Depending on the purpose of the study, the maximum number of parameters or a small part that is important for identifying violations is studied. Based on the results of the analysis, the patient receives a table with blood parameters and their values, which are then deciphered by the doctor, prescribe additional tests and make a diagnosis.

In addition, there are other tests, for example, blood type and Rh factor. This information is important for serious illnesses such as blood transfusions and organ transplants.

Functions of monocytes

When aggressive substances or microorganisms enter the surface of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx or intestine, histiocytes flock to the lesion. These are “ripe” monocytes, adapted to life in tissues. If necessary, new portions of histiocytes-macrophages are urgently prepared.

They surround bacteria, viruses, fungi, and foreign particles, draw them into the protoplasm and provide work to lysosomes to completely dissolve unnecessary molecules.

Having cleared the “battlefield” of toxins and decayed leukocytes, macrophages move on to the process of transmitting information to subsequent generations. This ensures quick recognition of “friends” and “strangers” and aims the body at defense.

Unlike eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, cells of the monocyte series are able to “fight” large species of the “enemy” and do not die immediately after the “attack.” Can be reused.

General clinical blood test

It is carried out as part of a general clinical examination of the patient and allows you to learn about the condition of the blood and the body as a whole. The main indicators of this analysis are: hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes (white blood cells), erythrocytes (red blood cells) and platelets (nuclear-free plates of blood responsible for clotting).

Due date and how to prepare

A general blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach, often from a finger, less often from a vein. You should not drink or eat 4 hours before the test.

Metrics collected

Now a general blood test is carried out on automatic hematological analyzers, which can simultaneously determine values from 5 to 24 parameters.

The main indicators collected are:

Hemoglobin (HGB - hemoglobin)
- the main component that is involved in the transfer of oxygen in the blood from the lungs to organs and tissues, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs, is the blood pigment of red blood cells.
Red blood cells (RBC - red blood cells)
are red blood cells that carry oxygen in the blood to organs and tissues.
Leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells)
are white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that carry out immune control and protect the body from foreign cells.
Thrombocytes (PLT - platelets)
are nuclear-free platelets of blood responsible for clotting.
Lymphocytes (LYM - lymphocyte)
are cells of the immune system that respond to viruses and microbes.
Monocytes (MON - monocyte)
are large cells of the immune system.
Hematocrit (HCT - hematocrit)
is the volume of red blood cells in the blood.
Blood color index (BI)
, demonstrating the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
, which, if deviated from the norm, may indicate a pathological condition of the body.
Various erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet indices
.

Decoding the results: norm and deviation

The normal values of the blood parameters studied in each laboratory are different and depend on the gender, age and condition of the patient. Only a doctor can make a correct interpretation of the blood test results and make a diagnosis, taking into account all aspects of the patient’s health. Below are frequently examined blood parameters, their normal values, and what a deviation from the norm may indicate in the general case, and not in the specific case. To obtain an individual interpretation and diagnosis, you should consult a doctor.

Hemoglobin (HGB - hemoglobin)

Normal hemoglobin level in blood:

Men:

from 12 to 15 years: 120 - 160 g/l;
from 15 to 18 years: 117 - 166 g/l;
from 18 to 45 years: 132 - 173 g/l;
from 45 to 65 years: 131 - 172 g/l;
over 65 years old: 126 - 174 g/l.

Women:

from 12 to 15 years: 115 - 150 g/l;
from 15 to 18 years: 117 - 153 g/l;
from 18 to 45 years: 117 - 155 g/l;
from 45 to 65 years: 117 - 160 g/l;
over 65 years old: 120 - 161 g/l.

Children:

up to 2 weeks: 134 - 198 g/l;
from 2 to 4.3 weeks: 107 - 171 g/l;
from 4.3 to 8.6 weeks: 94 - 130 g/l;
from 8.6 weeks to 4 months: 103 - 141 g/l;
at 4 to 6 months: 111 - 141 g/l;
from 6 to 9 months: 114 - 140 g/l;
from 9 to 1 year: 113 - 141 g/l;
from 1 year to 5 years: 100 - 140 g/l;
from 5 years to 10 years: 115 - 145 g/l;
from 10 to 12 years: 120 - 150 g/l;

Deviation of hemoglobin in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

overhydration - increased water content in the body due to impaired water-salt metabolism;
anemia - disruption of the oxygen transport function in the body and the development of hypoxia.

when increasing by:

dehydration - loss of water in the body;
polycythemia vera - increased blood viscosity and decreased blood flow;
excessive smoking.

Red blood cells (RBC - red blood cells)

Norm of red blood cells in the blood:

Men:

from 12 - 18 years: 4.5 - 5.3 * 10^12/l;
over 18 years old: 4.0 - 5.0 * 10^12/l.

Women:

from 12 - 18 years: 4.1 - 5.1 * 10^12/l;
over 18 years old: 3.5 - 4.7 * 10^12/l.

Children:

newborn: 3.9 - 5.5 * 10^12/l;
from 1 to 3 days: 4.0 - 6.6 * 10^12/l;
in 1 week: 3.9 - 6.3 * 10^12/l;
in week 2: 3.6 - 6.2 * 10^12/l;
at 1 month: 3.0 - 5.4 * 10^12/l;
in the 2nd month: 2.7 - 4.9 * 10^12/l;
from 3 to 6 months: 3.1 - 4.5 * 10^12/l;
from 6 months to 2 years: 3.7 - 5.3 * 10^12/l;
from 2 to 6 years: 3.9 - 5.3 * 10^12/l;
from 6 to 12 years: 4.0 - 5.2 * 10^12/l.

Normal erythrocyte indices:

MCV
: 80 - 95 fl - average erythrocyte volume;
MCH
: 27 - 31 pg - average hemoglobin content in an individual red blood cell;
MCHC
: 320 - 360 g/l - average hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocyte mass;
RDW
: 11.5% - 14.5% - red blood cell distribution width;
RDW-SD
: 37 - 54 fl - deviation of the distribution of red blood cells by volume;
RDW-CV
: 11.5 - 14.5% (adults), 14.9 - 18.7% (children up to 6 months) and 11.6 - 14.8% (children over 6 months) - deviation of red blood cell size from averages;
P-LCR
: 13 - 43% - large platelet ratio;
ESR
: 10 mm/hour (men), 15 mm/hour (women) - erythrocyte sedimentation rate, deviation of which from the norm may indicate a pathological or inflammatory process in the body.

Deviation of red blood cells from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

anemia;
blood loss;
pregnancy;
overhydration;
decrease in the intensity of red blood cell formation in the bone marrow;
therapy with diuretics;
accelerated destruction of red blood cells.

when increasing by:

burn;
diarrhea;
hydrocele of the renal pelvis;
true polycythemia;
Cushing's syndrome;
neoplasms;
steroid use;
the effect of corticosteroids;
taking diuretics.

Leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells)

Norm of leukocytes in the blood:

Men and women:

from 16 years and older: 4.0 - 9.0 * 10^9/l.

Children:

up to 1 year: 6.0 - 17.5 * 10^9/l;
from 1 year to 2 years: 6.0 - 17.0 * 10^9/l;
from 2 to 4 years: 5.5 - 15.5 * 10^9/l;
from 4 to 6 years: 5.0 - 14.5 * 10^9/l;
from 6 to 10 years: 4.5 - 13.5 * 10^9/l;
from 10 to 16 years: 4.5 - 13.0 * 10^9/l.

Norm of leukocyte indices:

LYM% (LY%)
: 25 - 40% - relative content of lymphocytes;
LYM# (LY#)
: 1.2 - 3.0 * 10^9/l (1.2-3.0 x 10^3/μl) - absolute lymphocyte content;
MXD% (MID%)
: 5 - 10% - the relative content of a mixture of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils;
MXD# (MID#)
: 0.2 - 0.8 * 10^9/l - absolute content of a mixture of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils;
NEUT% (NE%)
: 40% - 75% - relative content of neutrophils;
NEUT# (NE#)
: 2 - 7.5 * 10^9/l - absolute content of neutrophils;
MON% (MO%)
: 4 - 11% - relative content of monocytes;
MON# (MO#)
: 0.1 - 0.6 * 10^9 cells/l - absolute content of monocytes;
EO%
: 1 - 5% - relative content of eosinophils;
EO#
: 0.4 * 109/l - absolute eosinophil content;
BA%
: less than 1% - relative content of basophils;
BA#
: 0 - 0.08 * 10^9/l - absolute content of basophils;
IMM%
: 1 - 5% - relative content of immature granulocytes;
IMM#
: 1.2 - 6.8 * 10^9/l - absolute content of immature granulocytes;
ATL%
: less than 5% - the relative content of atypical lymphocytes;
ATL#
: 0.06 - 0.15 * 10^9/l - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes;
GR% (GRAN%)
: 47 - 72% - relative content of granulocytes;
GR# (GRAN#)
: 1.2 - 6.8 * 10^9/l (1.2 - 6.8 * 10^3/μl) - absolute granulocyte content.

Deviation of leukocytes in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

typhus;
viral diseases;
bone marrow diseases and damage;
anaphylactic shock;
leukemia;
viral diseases;
radiation sickness;
Addison-Biermer disease;
collagenosis;
myelodysplastic syndromes;
hypersplenism;
myelofibrosis;
plasmacytoma;
taking certain antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs;
anemia.

when increasing by:

the presence of inflammatory processes in the body;
sepsis;
purulent processes;
tissue injuries;
myocardial infarction;
infectious diseases;
the presence of malignant neoplasms;
last trimester of pregnancy;
period of feeding the baby with breast milk;
great physical activity.

Thrombocytes (PLT - platelets)

Normal platelet count in blood:

Men, women and children:

all ages - 180 - 320 * 10^9 cells/l.

Normal platelet indices:

MPV (mean platelet volume): 7 - 10 fL - average platelet volume;
PDW: 9 - 16% - width of platelet distribution by volume;
PCT (platelet crit): 0.108 - 0.282% - the proportion of blood volume occupied by platelets.

Deviation of platelets in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

bronchial asthma;
malaria;
thrombocytopenia;
malignant neoplasm;
Sumter's syndrome.

when increasing by:

essential thrombocythemia

Lymphocytes (LYM - lymphocyte)

Norm of lymphocytes in the blood:

Men and women:

from 16 years and older: 20 - 40%.

Children:

newborns: 15 - 35%;
up to 2 weeks: 22 - 55%;
from 2 weeks to 1 year: 45 - 70%;
from 1 year to 2 years: 37 - 60%;
from 2 to 5 years: 33 - 55%;
from 6 to 7 years: 30 - 50%;
from 8 to 9 years: 30 - 50%;
from 9 to 11 years: 30 - 46%;
from 12 to 15 years: 30 - 45%.

Deviation of lymphocytes in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

autoimmune diseases;
diseases of the nervous system;
HIV infection;
side effects from taking medications.

when increasing by:

viral diseases;
bacterial infections;
fungal diseases;
toxoplasmosis;
tuberculosis;
whooping cough;
vasculitis;
malignant neoplasms;
initial stage of HIV;
excess carbohydrates in the body compared to fats and proteins;
thyroid diseases;
starvation.

Monocytes (MON - monocyte)

Norm of monocytes in the blood:

Men and women:

from 16 years and older: 3 - 9%.

Children:

newborns: 3 - 12%;
up to 2 weeks: 5 - 15%;
from 2 weeks to 1 year: 4 - 10%;
from 1 year to 2 years: 3 - 10%;
from 2 to 5 years: 3 - 9%;
from 6 to 7 years: 3 - 9%;
from 8 to 9 years: 3 - 9%;
from 9 to 11 years: 3 - 9%;
from 12 to 15 years: 3 - 9%.

Deviation of monocytes in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

use of immunosuppressants;
hereditary diseases.

when increasing by:

stress;
diabetes;
atherosclerosis;
bacterial infections;
malignant neoplasms;
sepsis;
collagenosis;
sarcoidosis

Hematocrit (HCT - hematocrit)

Hematocrit norm:

Men:

from 12 to 15 years: 35 - 45%;
from 15 to 18 years: 37 - 48%;
from 18 to 45 years old: 42 - 50%;
from 45 to 65 years: 39 - 50%;
over 65 years old: 37 - 51%.

Women:

from 12 to 15 years: 34 - 44%;
from 15 to 18 years: 34 - 44%;
from 18 to 45 years old: 38 - 47%;
from 45 to 65 years: 35 - 47%;
over 65 years old: 35 - 47%.

Children:

up to 2 weeks: 41 - 65%;
from 2 to 4.3 weeks: 33 - 55%;
from 4.3 to 8.6 weeks: 28 - 42%;
from 8.6 weeks to 4 months: 32 - 44%;
from 4 to 6 months: 31 - 41%;
from 6 to 9 months: 32 - 40%;
from 9 to 12 months: 33 - 41%;
from 1 year to 3 years: 32 - 40%;
from 3 to 6 years: 32 - 42%;
from 6 to 9 years: 33 - 41%;
from 9 to 12 years: 34 - 43%.

A hematocrit deviation from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

pregnancy;
anemia;
children's age;
hypoproteinemia;
overhydration.

when increasing by:

true polycythemia;
hypoxia;
kidney hydronephrosis;
kidney neoplasm;
polycystic kidney disease;
peritonitis;
burn disease;
leukemia;
dehydration.

Blood color index (BC)

Normal blood color index:

Men, women and children:

all ages: 0.9 - 1.1.

A deviation of the blood color indicator from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

anemia;
purulent infections;
cirrhosis of the liver;
tuberculosis;
Iron-deficiency anemia;
iron-saturated hypochromia;
malignant neoplasms;
thalassemia;
microcytosis.

when increasing by:

lack of vitamin B12;
lack of folic acid;
dysbacteriosis;
chronic pancreatitis;
stomach diseases;
diseases of the small intestine;
cirrhosis of the liver;
long-term treatment with glucose-lowering drugs;
long-term treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs;
poor nutrition.

When to take it

A general clinical blood test must be taken:

As prescribed by a doctor;
As a preventative measure to assess general health;
As part of routine medical examinations and examinations.

Symptoms of increase and decrease

An increase in the level of phagocytes is almost always associated with a pre-existing disease of the internal organs or soft tissues.

In this case, the woman experiences the following symptoms:

increased body temperature, which can range from 37 to 40 degrees Celsius;
severe headache, chills, fever;
epigastric pain, possible nausea and vomiting;
shortness of breath, feeling of lack of air and rapid heartbeat;
frequent urge to urinate;
complete or partial loss of appetite;
possible intestinal dysfunction, which is expressed in attacks of liquid diarrhea (this symptom manifests itself if there has been an infectious invasion of the gastrointestinal tract);
red rash, hives, swelling that appears on various parts of the body, and is also accompanied by severe itching;
inflammation of the oral mucosa, swelling of the tonsils, gingivitis.

Signs of increased monocyte levels may be expressed in other pathological conditions of the body. It all depends on what disease provoked a sharp surge in the phagocytic activity of the immune system.

A decrease in monocyte concentration is most often manifested by the following symptoms:

the body’s tendency to frequent colds, infectious, viral and fungal diseases;
feeling of constant fatigue;
decreased ability to work;
drowsiness;
ulcerative lesions of the skin surface and the development of various types of dermatitis;
changes in the biochemical composition of blood;
dyspnea;
tachycardia, as well as other signs of disturbances in the rhythmic activity of the heart.

As in the case of an increase in the level of monocytes, a decrease in their concentration also indicates the presence of an acute or chronic disease of the body, or is a consequence of heavy blood loss.

Blood chemistry

A laboratory blood test that gives an idea of the condition of internal organs and their functionality. Allows you to evaluate metabolism and find out about the lack of microelements in the body.

Due date and how to prepare

A biochemical blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein. You should not eat 12 hours before the test. You can only drink clean water, but drinks, including tea, coffee and any others, are not allowed. 24 hours before the test you must give up alcohol, smoking and physical activity.

Metrics collected

Glucose
- blood sugar level;
Urea
is a parameter important for assessing kidney function;
Cholesterol
is an element that determines the risk of cardiovascular diseases;
LDL cholesterol
is an element that determines the risk of cardiovascular disease;
HDL cholesterol
is an element that determines the risk of cardiovascular disease;
Residual blood nitrogen
is a parameter important for assessing kidney function;
Atherogenicity coefficient (Ka)
- shows the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
Total bilirubin
is an indicator that may indicate the presence of jaundice;
Total protein
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate liver function;
AST (AST)
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate the work of the heart;
AlAt (ALT)
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate liver function;
Lipase
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate the functioning of the pancreas;
Amylase
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate the functioning of the pancreas;
Gamma-GTP
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate liver function;
Antistreptolysin-O
is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of rheumatism;
Rheumatic factor
is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases;
CRP (C-reactive protein)
is an indicator that can indicate inflammation in the body;
Alkaline phosphatase
is an indicator of many different diseases and health problems;
Albumin
is a protein that performs many functions in the body;
General lipids
are fats that perform structural and regulatory functions in the body;
Triglycerides
are fats that perform structural and energy functions in the body;
Phospholipids
- an indicator that assesses the metabolism of fats in the body, indicating liver and kidney diseases, and indirectly diabetes mellitus;
Protein fractions
are indicators that may indicate inflammatory processes, infectious and other diseases in the body;
Calcium
is an important element for the nervous and cardiovascular systems;
Potassium
is an element that normalizes heart rhythm and regulates water balance;
Sodium
is an element that regulates the volume of extracellular fluid;
Chlorine
is an element that regulates the acid-base balance of the blood;
Iron
is an element important for binding, transporting and transmitting oxygen throughout the body.

: Can lead to disruption of various body functions.

When to take it

A biochemical blood test must be taken:

As prescribed by a doctor;
As part of routine medical examinations and examinations;
To assess the functioning of internal organs and the functionality of the body;
To determine the need for microelements;
For information about metabolism;
After suffering from infectious or somatic diseases.

Biological role in the body

The biological role of monocytes is very diverse. The largest phagocytes are necessary for many functions:

Phagocytosis.
During this process, monocytes and macrophages identify proteins, bacteria, and viruses that are dangerous to the body, capture them and absorb them (phagocytose).
Participation in the development of specific immunity.
Monocytes produce special cytotoxins, interferon, to counteract pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi.
Assistance in the formation of allergic reactions.
Thanks to monocytes, specific elements of the compliment system are produced. Due to these processes, foreign proteins - allergens - are identified.
Protection against tumors.
It is carried out through the production of tumor necrosis factor.
Regulation of hematopoiesis and blood clotting processes
- carried out through the synthesis of specific elements.

Monocytes have special characteristics that distinguish them from neutrophils and other phagocytes:

After absorbing a foreign element, monocytes do not die, but continue to function actively. In rare cases, the pathogen can defeat them.
The life cycle of monocytes is longer than that of neutrophils.
Monocytes have a pronounced antiviral effect, neutrophils have an antibacterial effect.
When many monocytes are activated against a foreign agent, pus does not form.
Chronic inflammatory process is a favorite place for concentration of macrophages and monocytes

Immunological blood test

A laboratory blood test that examines blood serum obtained by centrifugation. The presence and level of antibodies are detected in the serum to determine infectious diseases, allergies, parasitic infestations, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency states of the body and neoplasms. An immunological blood test detects infections such as syphilis, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV, AIDS, measles, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, mumps, toxoplasmosis, rubella, coronaviruses, COVID-19 and many others.

Due date and how to prepare

An immunological blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein. You should not eat 12 hours before the test. Avoid alcoholic drinks for 3 days. Avoid solariums and x-rays for 2 days. Don't stress in 1 day. No smoking for 1 hour. You should not do the test during menstruation.

Metrics collected

General indicators of immunological blood test:

Subpopulations of lymphocytes
are different types of white blood cells that recognize various foreign structures, altered body cells and produce antibodies to destroy them. The indicators of this group give a general idea of the state of immunity.
Immunoglobulins
- various types of antibodies, the purpose of which is to destroy infections and toxins. The presence of certain antibodies in the blood indicates the infections they are fighting against. Main types of immunoglobulins:
M (IgM)
- responsible for the body’s primary defense reaction;
G (IgG)
- responsible for the main fight against infections that have entered the body;
E (IgE)
and
D (IgD)
- responsible for the fight against parasites and allergens.

Decoding the results: norm and deviation

Lymphocyte subpopulations

Norm of lymphocyte subpopulation for adults:

T-lymphocytes (CD3+)
: 0.8 - 2.2 * 10^9/l (60 - 80%);
Ratio CD3+CD4+ / CD3+CD8+
: 1,0 — 2,5;
NK cells (CD3-CD16/56+)
: 6 — 20%;
% activated T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+)
: 3 — 19%;
T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+)
: 0.3 - 0.9 * 10^9/l;
CD3+CD4+CD8+
: less than 3%;
% activated T helper cells (CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+)
: 2 — 9%;
T-helpers (CD3+CD4+)
: 0.5 - 1.4 * 10^9/l;
% activated T lymphocytes (CD3+HLA-DR+)
: 3 — 10%;
CD3+CD4-CD8
: less than 7%;
T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+)
: 19 — 35%;
% cytolytic T lymphocytes (CD3+CD16/56+)
: 0 — 10%;
B lymphocytes (CD19+)
: 7 — 19%;
NK cells (CD3-CD16/56+)
: 0.1 - 0.4 * 10^9/l;
B-lymphocytes (CD19+)
: 0.1 - 0.4 * 10^9/l;
T helper cells (CD3+CD4+)
: 33 — 52%.

An abnormal lymphocyte subpopulation may indicate:

autoimmune diseases;
viral infections;
bacterial infections;
neoplasms;
poisoning;
radioactive exposure;
other health problems.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Norm:

0.6-4.5 g/l.

Deviation of A (IgA) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

toxic poisoning;
cirrhosis of the liver;
radiation sickness.

when increasing by:

arthritis;
inflammatory processes in the liver.
multiple myeloma;
glomerulonephritis;
skin diseases;
diseases of the digestive system;
respiratory tract diseases.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Norm:

0.25 - 2.5 g/l.

Deviation of M (IgM) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

poisoning;
immunosuppressants in the body;
radiation sickness.

when increasing by:

viral or bacterial infections;
parasites;
autoimmune processes.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Norm:

5.4 - 18.22 g/l.

Deviation of G (IgG) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

poisoning;
cirrhosis of the liver;
immunosuppressants;
radiation sickness.

when increasing by:

viral diseases;
bacterial diseases;
fungal diseases;
poisoning by toxins.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and D (IgD)

Norm:

E (IgE)
: 0 - 100 IU/ml;
D (IgD)
: 0 to 0.07 g/l.

Deviation of E (IgE) and D (IgD) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

immunodeficiency;
immunosuppressants.

when increasing by:

parasites;
allergies.

When to take it

An immunological blood test must be taken:

As prescribed by a doctor;
If you suspect a viral or bacteriological infection in the body;
If you suspect an allergy;
If neoplasms are suspected;
If a fungal infection is suspected;
If parasites are suspected.

Reasons for promotion and demotion

Monocytes (the norm for women by age, a table of clinical indicators is compiled based on the results of a diagnostic examination of the body) are blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system, and an increase in their concentration indicates the possible presence of the following diseases:

infection of the digestive system by helminths;
invasion of bacterial, viral and fungal microorganisms;
tuberculosis of the lymphatic system or lung tissue;
typhoid fever;
all types of sexually transmitted diseases (the most dramatic surge in monocyte activity is observed in the case of infection with syphilis);
brucellosis;
lymphomas of malignant etiology;
monocytic leukemia of a specific type;
blood damage by the malaria pathogen;
all types of malignant neoplasms that are localized in any part of the body;
herpesvirus infection, which was in a chronic form, and then moved to the acute stage;
endocarditis and rheumatoid tissue destruction;
skin damage associated with the parasitic activity of infectious microorganisms, acute allergic reaction or mechanical trauma.

During menstruation, most women allow a slight increase in the level of monocytes, which returns to normal 2-3 days after the end of menstruation. Such a reaction of the body is not a pathology.

A decrease in the concentration of phagocytes can be caused by the following reasons:

internal bleeding;
postoperative period of tissue restoration;
severe traumatic brain injury;
malignant neoplasms in the bone marrow;
long-term therapy with Prednisolone, cytotoxic drugs, as well as immunosuppressants;
state of shock;
prolonged stay in conditions of psycho-emotional overstrain and stress;
postpartum period;
presence of aplastic anemia.

A decrease in the level of phagocytes is no less an alarming signal than an increase in their number. The reasons that caused the change in the cellular composition of the blood must be established in a biochemical laboratory.

Hormonal blood test

A laboratory blood test, which is carried out to study the functioning of the endocrine system and identify diseases of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, genital organs and others.

Due date and how to prepare

A hormonal blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein. 1 day before the test you need to give up smoking, alcohol and physical activity. 7 days before this test, you must stop taking hormonal medications. In women, blood is taken for hormonal analysis on days 5-7 of the cycle, counting from the first day of menstruation.

Metrics collected

Thyroid hormones:

T3 (triiodothyronine);
T4 (thyroxine);
Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG).

Sex hormones:

Testosterone (male sex hormone);
Estrogens (female sex hormones).

Pituitary hormones:

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone);
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone);
LH (luteinizing hormone);
Prolactin;
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

Adrenal hormones:

DEA-s (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate);
Aldosterone;
Cortisol.

When planning pregnancy:

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
- responsible for the growth of the egg;
LH (luteinizing hormone)
- ensures completion of egg maturation;
Prolactin
- stimulates milk production after childbirth;
Estradiol
- affects all female genital organs;
Progesterone (pregnancy signaling hormone)
- produced after the egg matures and is important for the proper course of pregnancy;
DEA-sulfate (DEA-s or DEAS)
.

Decoding the results: norm and deviation

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormone levels:

T3 (triiodothyronine)
: 2.6 - 5.7 pmol/l;
T4 (thyroxine)
: 0.7-1.48 ng/dl;
Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG)
: 0-4.11 U/ml.

Abnormalities in thyroid hormones may indicate:

thyroid diseases;
autoimmune diseases.

Sex hormones

Normal sex hormones:

Testosterone (male sex hormone)
: 4.94 - 32.01 nmol/l (men), 0.38 - 1.97 nmol/l (women);
Estrogens (female sex hormones): progesterone
: 1st phase of the menstrual cycle - 1.0 - 2.2 nM/l; 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle - 23.0 - 30.0 nM/l; for postmenopause - 1.0 - 1.8 nM/l;
estradiol
: 1st phase of the menstrual cycle - 198 - 284 pM/l: 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle - 439 - 570 pM/l; for postmenopause - 51 - 133 pM/l.

Deviations from the norm of sex hormones may indicate:

diseases of the genital organs;
adrenal neoplasms;
cirrhosis of the liver.

Pituitary hormones

Norm of pituitary hormones:

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
: 0.4-4.0 mU/l;
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
: 1.37 - 13.58 mU/ml (men), 0.57 - 8.77 mU/ml (women);
LH (luteinizing hormone)
: 1.26 - 10.05 mU/ml (men), 0.61 to 56.6 mU/ml (women);
Prolactin
: 2.58 - 18.12 ng/ml (men), 1.2 - 29.93 ng/ml (women);
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
: 9-52 pg/ml.

Deviations from the norm of pituitary hormones may indicate:

pituitary diseases;
dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
stress;
pregnancy and breastfeeding;
other conditions.

Adrenal hormones

Normal levels of adrenal hormones:

DEA-s (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate)
: 3591-11907 nmol/l (men), 810-8991 nmol/l (women);
Aldosterone
: 35 - 350 pg/ml;
Cortisol
: 3.7-19.4 mcg/dl.

Abnormalities in adrenal hormones may indicate:

adrenal gland diseases;
stress;
hunger;
other conditions.

Hormones when planning pregnancy

Normal hormone levels when planning pregnancy:

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
: 0.57 – 8.77 mU/ml;
LH (luteinizing hormone)
: 1 - 96.0 mIU/ml;
Prolactin
: 64 - 395 mIU/l;
Estradiol
: 57 - 426 ng/l;
Progesterone (pregnancy signaling hormone)
: 0.2 to 1.5 ng/ml;
DEA-sulfate (DEA-s or DEAS)
: 810-8991 nmol/l (women).

Deviations from normal hormones when planning pregnancy may indicate:

pregnancy;
diseases of the genital organs;
other diseases.

When to take it

You need to take a hormonal blood test:

when prescribed by a doctor;
when planning pregnancy;
to control the course of pregnancy;
if you suspect hormonal disorders;
with unreasonable weight gain;
with an enlarged thyroid gland.

Indications for the study

Monocytes (the norm for women by age, a table of clinical indicators is compiled based on the results of a diagnostic examination of the body) are large leukocytes that play a key role in the full functioning of the immune system.

Direct indications for testing the level of phagocytes are the presence of the following symptoms:

frequent and unfounded intestinal disorders;
increased body temperature without obvious signs of inflammation;
tachycardia and disturbance of the rhythmic activity of the heart;
dyspnea;
dizziness and physical weakness;
rapid fatigue after minor exertion;
infectious and inflammatory skin diseases;
chronic diseases of the nasopharynx, upper and lower respiratory tract;
an allergic reaction that occurs in acute or chronic form.

The need for an analysis for the level of phagocytes in the blood serum is determined by the attending physician, who performs the initial examination of the patient.

Serological blood test

A laboratory blood test that involves the interaction of antibodies and antigens. It is carried out to identify infectious diseases and the stage of the infectious process.

Due date and how to prepare

A hormonal blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein.

Serological blood test methods

To confirm the diagnosis, an antigen corresponding to the suspected disease is added to the blood serum, and if there is a reaction, then there are antibodies to the disease and the patient is sick.
To determine the type of infection, antibodies of the expected type are added to the serum, and if there is a reaction, then there is an infection in the blood that corresponds to the added antibodies.

What is the result of a serological blood test?

The analysis provides an answer to whether there is a suspected infection in the human body.

When to take it

when prescribed by a doctor;
if you suspect a certain infection;
to prescribe the correct treatment.

How and under what conditions is it produced?

Previously, hematologists believed that phagocytes of this type are formed in the reticuloendothelial system. Recent scientific research has shown that monocyte synthesis occurs in bone marrow tissue.

Mature leukocytes, which have the most powerful phagocytic properties, are released into the bloodstream. The cells mature over the next 5 days, and then they become part of the peripheral blood.

The process of monocyte synthesis is inhibited during the period of taking drugs from the glucocorticoid group, as well as if a person is under constant stress for a long time. In this regard, immunity decreases, and the human body becomes more susceptible to infection by infectious, viral and fungal microorganisms.

How to determine

The level of monocytes is determined by a laboratory blood test to determine the percentage of vital cells. Capillary and venous blood is suitable for diagnosis.

Simultaneously with the level of phagocytes, the concentration of leukocytes is identified. A comparative analysis of qualitative blood parameters makes it possible to establish the severity of the infectious and inflammatory process that progresses in the female body.