Pressure is a quantity that is equal to the force acting strictly perpendicular to a unit surface area. Calculated using the formula: P = F/S. The international calculation system assumes the measurement of this value in pascals (1 Pa is equal to a force of 1 newton per area of 1 square meter, N/m2). But since this is a fairly low pressure, measurements are often indicated in kPa or MPa. In various industries it is customary to use their own number systems, in the automotive, pressure can be measured: in bars, atmospheres, kilograms of force per cm² (technical atmosphere), mega pascals or psi (psi).
To quickly convert units of measurement, you should focus on the following relationship of values to each other:
1 MPa = 10 bar;
100 kPa = 1 bar;
1 bar ≈ 1 atm;
3 atm = 44 psi;
1 PSI ≈ 0.07 kgf/cm²;
1 kgf/cm² = 1 at.
| Pressure unit ratio table | ||||||
| Magnitude | MPa | bar | atm | kgf/cm2 | psi | at |
| 1 MPa | 1 | 10 | 9,8692 | 10,197 | 145,04 | 10.19716 |
| 1 bar | 0,1 | 1 | 0,9869 | 1,0197 | 14,504 | 1.019716 |
| 1 atm (physical atmosphere) | 0,10133 | 1,0133 | 1 | 1,0333 | 14,696 | 1.033227 |
| 1 kgf/cm2 | 0,098066 | 0,98066 | 0,96784 | 1 | 14,223 | 1 |
| 1 PSI (lb/in²) | 0,006894 | 0,06894 | 0,068045 | 0,070307 | 1 | 0.070308 |
| 1 at (technical atmosphere) | 0.098066 | 0.980665 | 0.96784 | 1 | 14.223 | 1 |
International System of Units (SI)
Pressure P is the physical quantity of force F acting on a unit surface area S, directed perpendicular to this surface. those. P=F/S.
In the International System of Units (SI), pressure is measured in Pascals: Pa is the Russian designation. Pa - international. 1 Pa = 1 Newton / 1 sq. meter (1 N/m²)
For practical measurements in instrumentation and automation, 1 Pa is often too small a pressure value, and to operate with real data, multiplying prefixes are used - (kilo, Mega), multiplying values by 1 thousand. and 1 million times respectively. 1 MPa = 1000 kPa = 1,000,000 Pa Also, the scales of pressure measuring instruments can be directly calibrated in Newton / meter, or their derivatives: Kilonewton, Meganewton / m², cm², mm².
Then we get the following correspondence: 1 MPa = 1 MN/m² = 1 N/mm² = 100 N/cm² = 1000 kN/m² = 1000 kPa = 1000000 N/m² = 1000000 Pa
In Russia and Europe, the units bar (bar) and kgf/m² (kgf/m²), as well as their derivatives (mbar, kgf/cm²), are also widely used for measuring pressure. 1 bar is a non-systemic unit equal to 100,000 Pa. 1 kgf/cm² is a unit of pressure measurement in the MKGSS system, and is widely used in industrial pressure measurements. 1 kgf/cm² = 10000 kgf/m² = 0.980665 bar = 98066.5 Pa
What water pressure should be in the water supply of an apartment building
Many Russian citizens have encountered and continue to encounter a lack of water at certain times of the day, and only a few realize that this depends on the water pressure in the water supply of the apartment building at that moment.
In order to understand SNiPs, various Rules, as well as legal acts, it would be better to use the help of a specialist. It is better to contact a lawyer or an engineer friend whose work is related to this area.
Our website offers free 24/7 online legal advice.
With its help, you can easily and without delay get an answer to any legal question.
Water supply regulations
If you live, for example, on the top floor of a five-story building, it may be difficult to supply water at night. From about 0:00 to 5:00-6:00 there is no water from the tap in the apartment at all.
And this situation is observed in many, if not all, cities of the country, which violates the right of citizens established by federal legislation to receive public services of proper quality.
There are several ways to correct the situation. They will be discussed in detail below.
What is the reason for the lack of water? It's simple - the water supply system has very low pressure. In accordance with the standards established by law, the water pressure in the cold water supply system must be from 0.03 MPa to 0.6 MPa or from 0.3 bar to 6 bar. As for the hot water system, the lower limit is the same, but the upper limit is slightly lower - 0.45 MPa or 4.5 bar.
Where to go if there is no water
Since ensuring normal water supply in the apartment and the house as a whole is the direct responsibility of the management organization, the first thing you need to do is go there and find out why the rules for the provision of utility services are being violated. Indeed, in accordance with them, the absence of water for more than 8 hours per month is unacceptable. At the same time, you have the right to demand a recalculation for those days on which you received a service of inadequate quality.
Some apartment owners pay bills not to the management company, but directly to the resource supply organization (it may be called, for example, Gorvodokanal or something else). Then you need to go there, as they deliver water to the boundaries of your apartment building.
Briefly about the principles of water supply
The level of water pressure in the apartment directly depends on the pressure of the water in the central line that approaches the house, and this, in turn, depends on the level of water distribution in the network.
The fact is that at a large water intake, from where water flows into the city, industrial automatic (in most cases) pumps are installed that pump water from a network of wells that have water pressure limits.
Sometimes there are cases of dishonesty in the management of a resource supplying organization. For example, director of the RSO "Gorvodokanal" Kozlov M.M. in order to save electricity, he ordered that 7 pumps be turned off at night, and the pressure in 10 be reduced. And in total there are 20 of them installed. It is no wonder that in such conditions the pressure is not enough even to the second floor of an apartment building.
Litigation
Very often, situations arise when you clearly state in your application that there is no water in the MKD network at night, and employees come during their working hours (which is logical - after all, the Labor Code does not oblige them to work at night). And during the day the pressure is within the permissible norm. What to do in this case? There are two options:
- or contact an independent expert who, of course, for a fee, will agree to measure blood pressure at night;
- or independently buy and install a pressure gauge in your apartment and from time to time take photos and videos.
Most likely, you will even have to go to court with these materials.
It all depends on the degree of sympathy of the employees of the organization you contacted, but you should keep in mind that Gorvodokanal (or the same organization with a different name) is only responsible for the supply of such a resource as cold water. But hot water (and heating) is Gorteploseti (or another name - by analogy with Gorvodokanal).
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is an off-system unit of pressure measurement approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure of the Earth at the level of the World Ocean. There are two concepts of atmosphere for measuring pressure:
- Physical (atm) - equal to the pressure of a column of mercury 760 mm high at a temperature of 0° C. 1 atm = 101325 Pa
- Technical (at) - equal to the pressure produced by a force of 1 kgf per area of 1 cm². 1 at = 98066.5 Pa = 1 kgf/cm²
In Russia, only the technical atmosphere is allowed for use in measurements, and its validity is limited, according to some sources, to 2021.
Pressure parameters in the water supply for normal operation of home appliances
For any household devices connected to water, pressure matters. If there are constant interruptions, the devices may fail or function incorrectly
When the water supply is central, the parameters must clearly comply with the standards, no matter whether the person lives in Moscow or in any other city in Russia
Basic regulatory values approved at the legislative level:
Table 1.
| Devices | Atm. |
| Washstand with mixer | 0,2 |
| Bath, shower | 0,3 |
| Toilet | 0,2 |
| Bidet | 0,3 |
| Jacuzzi | 4 |
| Washing machine | 2 |
| Boiler equipment | 1,5-2,5 |
| Watering the garden | 2 |
| Dishwashing device | 2,5 |
Danger of high water pressure
Some people are happy when water flows from their taps, but they don’t even think about the fact that violating the rules can result in a serious problem. Strong pressure can damage household appliances or cause a pipe to burst.
Four atmospheres is an acceptable value. If the pressure exceeds 4.5 atm. and the homeowner noticed this, then you should not remain idle, but you need to notify Vodokanal.
Consequences of low water pressure
When water pressure is very high, real tragedy can occur. Its scale will be directly affected by the height of the building. If it is a high-rise building, then there is a risk of flooding of the entire apartment building. Further, the entire pipeline will fail and citizens’ property will be damaged. Therefore, apartment owners must monitor the pressure level and, if they deviate from the standard, contact the housing office, management company or Vodokanal.
water column
The water column meter is a non-systemic unit of pressure measurement used in a number of industries. Physically, it is equal to the pressure of a column of water 1 m high at a temperature of about 4 ° C and the standard gravity acceleration for calibration - 9.80665 m/sec². m water Art. - Russian designation. mH2O - international.
The derived units are cm water. Art. and mm water. Art. 1 m water Art. = 100 cm water. Art. = 1000 mm water. Art. Relates to other pressure units accordingly: 1 mH2O. Art. = 1000 kgf/m² = 0.0980665 bar = 9.80665 Pa = 73.55592400691 mm Hg. Art.
Computational and experimental methods
Determining the network pressure is possible not only with the help of specialized instruments, but also with the use of home-made devices and calculation formulas of hydrodynamics. An example of computational and experimental methods is the determination of pressure using a hose and the calculation method through water flow.
Water pressure regulator diagram.
In other words, a hydraulic calculation of the existing system must be carried out with sufficiently large assumptions to omit:
- hydrodynamic resistance of individual sections of the pipeline;
- mode of fluid flow inside the pipe;
- pipeline material and length.
The results of such calculations and experiments will most likely differ in a significant amount of error and be of a qualitative (reference) nature.
US and British units
In the USA and Britain, other units of measurement of pressure are also used.
This is because lengths are expressed in feet and inches, and weights are expressed in pounds, British tons, and American tons. Examples of some of them:
- Inch of water Symbol: inH2O = 249.08891 Pa.
- Foot water column Symbol: ftH2O = 2989.006692 Pa.
- Inch of mercury Symbol: inHg = 3386.38815789474 Pa.
- Pound per square inch Symbol: psi = 6894.757293178 Pa.
- 1000 psi Symbol: ksi = 6894757.2931783 Pa.
- Pounds per square foot Symbol: psf = 47.8802589803 Pa.
- American (short) ton per square inch Symbol: tsi = 13789514.58633672267344 Pa.
- US (short) ton per square foot Symbol: tsf = 95760.51796067168523226 Pa.
- British (long) ton per square inch Symbol: br. tsi = 15444256.3366971 Pa.
- British (long) ton per square foot Symbol: br. tsf = 107251.780115952 Pa.
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Step-by-step instructions on how to measure yourself
The owner of a private house should have complete information about the operation of the water supply, but the apartment owner should also sometimes measure the indicators. Installation of devices is simple and does not take much time. A step-by-step guide to measuring pressure without the help of specialists will help you avoid mistakes.
With pressure gauge
Installation of a stationary pressure gauge takes 1-3 hours . After unpacking and studying the assembly diagram, you can start working:
The pipe section is dismantled. Depending on the configuration, this can be done with a grinder or an adjustable wrench.- A section of water supply is assembled along with a measuring device.
- It is connected to the system.
- They do a test run. Check for leaks.
A portable pressure gauge is much faster and easier to assemble . It will take less than an hour:
- Connect the housing to the adapter.
- Disconnect one of the hoses that goes to the faucet or shower head.
- Measuring equipment is connected in its place.
Without meter
If it is not possible to buy measuring equipment, then you can use the contents of the pantry.
The first option is using a regular three-liter jar . To do this, you just need to measure how long it takes for the water to reach the neck:
- 8 seconds – 0.3 atmospheres;
- 1 second – more than 5 atmospheres.
The second option is a transparent hose . This method includes calculations, so you should stock up on pencil and paper:
The hose is hermetically connected in a vertical position to the mixer.- Fill the bend at the bottom of the structure with water (zero level).
- The top of the hose is clogged.
- Open the water to maximum.
- After 2 minutes, measure the distance from the zero level to the upper water boundary (a). And from it to the traffic jam (b).
- Calculate using the formula: (pressure[atm]) = 1 x (a+b) / b.
None of the proposed methods should cause any particular difficulties. It is worth repeating measurements to eliminate the possibility of error. The data obtained will be needed when the time comes to find out the causes of the problems.
Briefly about the main thing
Knowledge of the school physics curriculum can make life much easier and save money. If you use Pascal's law of hydrostatics, you can set up a system in which water will flow to the desired point by gravity. Moreover, this could be either a washbasin in the house or a vegetable bed in the garden.
To do this, you will need to install a container of suitable volume at the desired height. And to determine the latter, you need to use a special formula that determines the pressure of the water column in the system. And all the work will be done by ordinary gravity.
Ratings 0
What to consider in the private sector
In a country house or in the suburbs of large cities, an option with an autonomous water supply from a source or well may be considered. This option is studied differently than the situation in an apartment building with a central water supply. Because it depends on the water pressure in the source or in the main water supply.
Water meter in the basement
If the pressure is also reduced in neighboring houses, you need to contact an organization or a private supplier who has taken over supply responsibilities. If the problem is in an individual house, the problem may be in its own plumbing system.
This is both inconvenient and dangerous, since in the event of a fire the fire truck will not be able to draw water to extinguish it.
The normal pressure figure for hot water ranges from 0.3 to 4.5 atmospheres. But in a private house with an autonomous water supply, it is better to focus on the heating source used.
Measurement of normative indicators
Gas heating does not always mean installing an additional device. The column can handle heat easily. Installing a solid fuel boiler often requires pressure regulation using an additional device - a pump or accumulator.
Arrangement of drip irrigation
Pascal's law has long been successfully applied in all arid regions of the world. But it was used most effectively in Israel. In the fifties of the last century, for the first time they began to use a method for land reclamation, which was later called drip. And they came up with it to save already precious moisture.
Moisture to the beds, as before, followed by gravity, but now it was dosed and directly under the roots of the plant. To do this, each root crop was equipped with its own personal “watering can,” and a valve with a timer was installed on the water container. And at certain intervals the seedling receives a clearly calculated portion of nutrient fluid.
Drip irrigation in the garden Source prom.st
