Diet and nutrition for high blood pressure and hypertension

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- Cardiovascular diseases - Nutrition for arterial hypertension
Proper nutrition for hypertension - high blood pressure - must be balanced, otherwise arterial hypertension can take a crisis or malignant course. This can happen, for example, if you eat too much, especially when you eat a lot of salt and fatty foods.

Arterial hypertension (hypertension) is one of the most common diseases, the main symptom of which is an increase in blood pressure in the cardiovascular system. This occurs under the influence of negative external factors, such as constant stress, unfavorable environmental conditions and others.

The more serious development of arterial hypertension can also be facilitated by constant overeating, excessive salt intake, alcohol abuse, lack of exercise (physical inactivity), and smoking.

General rules

blood pressure depends on many factors, and the physiological mechanisms of self-regulation in the vast majority of cases make it possible to neutralize the effect of negative factors that contribute to increased blood pressure. However, with prolonged and pronounced influence, a failure occurs in the adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system, which leads to the development of hypertension - a persistent chronic increase in blood pressure. These factors include:

• physical inactivity;
• bad habits (alcohol abuse/smoking);
• unbalanced diet;
• excess body weight;
• functional, caused by stress/pathological disorders in the central nervous system (in the sympathetic-adrenal system);
• toxic effects of various physical/chemical environmental factors;
• violation of the ratio/production of biologically active substances and hormones involved in the regulation of blood pressure ( endothelins , vasopressin , insulin , prostacyclin , thromboxane , nitric oxide ), responsible for relaxation/increasing the tone of vascular smooth muscles;
• changes in the regulation of water/sodium ion balance in kidney diseases.

The danger of high blood pressure is that in most cases it does not manifest itself clinically for a long period, which leads to the development of ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease ), hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, cerebral stroke , arrhythmia, CHF (chronic heart failure), functioning of the kidneys and other internal organs. Treatment of the disease is largely determined by the stage of hypertension, but in any case, therapy should be systemic, comprehensive and continuous.

Along with drug treatment, proper nutrition for high blood pressure is the most important factor in stabilizing blood pressure and lowering it to the age norm. The basis of therapeutic nutrition for hypertension is a variety of therapeutic table No. 10 according to Pevzner. As a rule, the diet for hypertension in the initial stage (grade 1) is based on Diet No. 15 with a restriction of table salt. For grade 2 or 3 hypertension and concomitant disorders of the cardiovascular system, Diet No. 10 A . In case of hypertension of moderate/high severity (grade 3/2), occurring against the background of atherosclerosis, nutrition is based on the treatment No. 10 C.

Diet number 10 for hypertension provides for the physiological norm of the intake of basic food nutrients into the body and the creation of conditions for the normalization of blood circulation.

The basic principles of the basic treatment table are:

• Physiologically complete content of the protein component (85-90 g of proteins), 80 g of fat and 350/400 g of carbohydrates with the energy value of the diet at the level of 2400-2500 kcal/day for patients with normal body weight. In case of obesity and hypertension , the energy value of the diet is reduced by 25-30% to 1900-2100 kcal/day by reducing fats to 70 g and carbohydrates to 250-300 g, primarily by eliminating refined carbohydrates from the diet, especially sugar and confectionery/ sweets based on it, as well as flour and cereal products. In cases where obesity due to increased caloric content of food exceeds 20 percent or more of the physiological norm, a therapeutic Diet for hypertensive patients No. 8 according to Pevzner is prescribed for weight loss, but with a significant restriction in the diet of table salt. The antihypertensive effect of weight loss in patients with obesity and hypertension is beyond doubt, and there is even a reliable pattern between weight loss in obesity and a decrease in blood pressure, most often in the proportion of 1 mm Hg. Art./1 kg.
• Limit table salt to 2.5-5 g/day. When cooking, salt is not used, but is added only to ready-made dishes. The average consumption of dietary sodium in Russia is 160 mmol/day, which corresponds to approximately 12 g of table salt. It has been proven that reducing this value below 7.5 g/day leads to a clinically significant decrease in blood pressure. To do this, it is enough to exclude obviously over-salted foods from the diet, especially gastronomic products (canned products, pickles, marinades, smoked meats, sausages, cheeses). For those people who experience severe difficulties from a lack of salt, it is recommended to replace sodium chloride salts with potassium/magnesium chlorides. People with mild forms of arterial hypertension can use medicinal salt with a sodium content reduced to 65%, and in more severe cases, salt with 35% sodium content.
• Increased levels of vitamins A , E , C , group B and minerals - potassium salts (up to 4-5 g), calcium, magnesium (up to 0.8-1.0 g), manganese (up to 30 mg), chromium (up to 0 .3 mg), coenzyme Q (up to 200 mg), vitamin C (up to 500 mg), choline (up to 1 g). It is especially important to control the level of potassium in your diet. There is reliable evidence that increased consumption of potassium ions is extremely important for lowering blood pressure, since potassium has a protective effect against hypertension. Therefore, your diet should include fresh berries and vegetables (baked potatoes, currants, lingonberries, bananas, carrots, cabbage, radishes, garlic, zucchini, tomatoes, pumpkin, beets, cucumbers, beans, oranges, watermelons, seaweed, melons), dried fruits (raisins, dried apricots, prunes, figs), nuts (pine nuts, almonds, peanuts), which are rich in potassium.
• It is important to avoid magnesium deficiency in the diet, which has a pronounced preventive effect against vascular hypertension. Magnesium is found in large quantities in rice, bananas, avocados, seaweed, rolled oats, bran, nuts, yogurt, beans, and prunes. The diet of patients with hypertension should be enriched with calcium ions, which takes part in the distribution of intracellular/extracellular fluid that regulates blood pressure levels. Large quantities of calcium are found in dairy products, nuts, and fish bones. Folate (B vitamin) has a pronounced therapeutic and preventive effect on hypertension It normalizes vascular endothelial function by reducing homocysteine and reduces the risk of developing hypertension. Tomatoes, legumes, leafy vegetables, asparagus, grain products, Brussels sprouts, and fruits are rich in folate.
• carnitine , also exhibits a moderate hypotensive effect . Contained in liver, veal, beef, cream, sour cream, cottage cheese.
• The risk of developing hypertension is also associated with a deficiency of chromium and selenium in the diet. Selenium is contained in foods such as seafood, duck liver, turkey, chicken, beef, beef and veal kidneys. Sources of chromium are corn/sunflower oil, cereals (buckwheat, corn, pearl barley, millet), nuts, dried fruits, vegetables, cheese. Thus, by consuming certain foods that lower blood pressure, it is possible to maintain acceptable blood pressure levels in patients, especially those diagnosed with primary hypertension. In addition, products that lower blood pressure, unlike medications, act very gently.
• Limiting saturated fats in the diet and ensuring a sufficient content of foods containing PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) from which prostaglandins , which have a hypotensive effect and which can improve endothelial function and blood rheological parameters. To do this, your diet should include fish oil, flaxseed/rapeseed/olive oil (at least 30 g/day), fatty sea fish (salmon, trout, herring, sardines), nuts and seeds.
• The most important component of the diet of people prone to/suffering from hypertension is to provide the body with the necessary amount of free fluid, since with its deficiency in the body, the lumens of blood vessels narrow, which is accompanied by an increase in blood pressure. The daily volume of free fluid should be 1.2-1.5 liters. However, with hypertension combined with heart failure, the volume of free fluid will decrease to 0.8-1.0 l/day. The consumption of carbonated drinks and sodium mineral waters, strong tea and black coffee is prohibited.
• A diet for high blood pressure involves limiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages: for women the equivalent of up to 20 g, for men - up to 40 g of ethyl alcohol. There are differences of opinion regarding the protective effect of low doses of alcohol in relation to cardiovascular diseases. There is no doubt that significant doses of strong alcohol cause the development of hypertension and in high blood pressure alcohol is contraindicated, especially in liver diseases with impaired blood flow in the hepatic veins/inferior vena cava system with increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal vein (portal hypertension). However, there is no data on the benefits of completely abstaining from alcohol. We can mention the French paradox, when residents of France have significantly lower mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, with the same consumption of animal fats as residents of Central and Northern Europe, but regularly consume small doses of dry red wine.
• Small (4-5 meals a day) meals without overeating.

If arterial hypertension occurs against the background of atherosclerosis , dietary Table No. 10 C . A low-cholesterol diet for patients with hypertension involves reducing animal fats in the diet, eliminating the intake of cholesterol and easily digestible carbohydrates from food. At the same time, an increase in the diet of foods containing dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (vegetable fats) and the proportion of plant proteins in relation to animals is provided. The diet for arterial hypertension involves increasing the content of vitamins C and group B , microelements, lipotropic substances/ linoleic acid .

General nutritional guidelines for people with hypertension

Often, adjusting your diet is enough to bring your blood pressure back to normal.

With proper nutrition, the condition in some patients stabilizes to such an extent that the doctor can reduce the dose of prescribed medications.

In the diet of a patient with this pathology, the consumption of the following products is reduced or eliminated:

1. Salt should not be consumed more than 6-8 g per day. With an excess of sodium chloride, the removal of fluid from the body is delayed, which increases the volume of blood in the vessels. Most foods contain salt, so they don't need to be salted. If the taste seems bland, season the dish with lemon juice, herbs, and mild spices.
2. Strongly brewed tea (green, black), coffee, cocoa, drinks containing alcohol cause vascular spasm, as a result of which the heart works more intensely. In addition, they stimulate the nervous system. The possibility of consuming these products is determined in each individual case.
3. Animal fats cause the body to produce cholesterol, which clogs blood vessels and limits blood flow to the heart and other internal organs.
4. Easily digestible, or fast carbohydrates (sugars) cause obesity.

Foods with potassium to strengthen the heart muscle

Increase the content of the following foods in your diet:

1. Plant origin (vegetables, fruits, cereals), since they are rich in dietary fiber (fiber), prevent the absorption of harmful cholesterol and reduce its amount in the blood. Fiber also makes you feel full and prevents overeating.
2. Products with magnesium and potassium - minerals that strengthen the heart muscle and increase its endurance.
3. Products with vitamin C, which strengthens the walls of blood vessels. To preserve ascorbic acid content as much as possible, reduce the heat treatment time of the product or consume it raw.

Magnesium-rich foods to strengthen your heart muscle

Authorized Products

The diet for hypertension includes the following in the diet:

• Wheat/rye, whole grain and with added bran bread. It is allowed to eat unpalatable homemade baked goods with added bran and dry biscuits.
• Vegetarian soups with vegetables and well-cooked cereals, with the addition of garden herbs without frying.
• Low-fat varieties of red meat, boiled/baked. And poultry meat, rabbit. In any form of cooking, meat must first be boiled, the broth drained, and cooked in a new portion of water.
• Dishes from sea/river fish and seafood.
• Various seasonal vegetables fresh (potatoes, cabbage, carrots, beets, zucchini, pumpkin, eggplant) or in the form of vegetable stew. Appetizers include seaweed, vinaigrettes seasoned with vegetable oil.
• Fermented milk products with reduced fat content and low-fat cottage cheese, sour cream (only in dishes).
• Soft-boiled chicken eggs - up to 3 pieces per week, milk and tomato sauces with vegetable broth or with the addition of sour cream.
• Cereals (barley, millet, buckwheat) and pasta in the form of porridges, casseroles with vegetables/cottage cheese.
• Butter/vegetable oils for cooking and ready-made dishes.
• Fruits/berries in any form, as well as in compotes, jelly and jellies.
• Drinks include coffee drinks (coffee substitutes), rosehip infusion, weak tea with milk, vegetable/berry juices.

Table of permitted products

Features of nutrition in stages IIb and III of hypertension

Severe forms of the disease require more stringent restrictions:

• salt is excluded;
• low-fat meat broths - once a week;
• eggs - no more than 2 pieces per week;
• meat dishes only in boiled form;
• vegetable or butter is placed on a plate with prepared food before consumption (1 tablespoon);
• Vegetarian dishes recommended.

To prepare steamed dishes, you don’t have to buy a steamer; you can buy a special mesh (it expands to fit the pan) or use a colander

Fully or partially limited products

Nutritional therapy for hypertension involves excluding from the diet:

• Fresh wheat and rye bread, butter and puff pastry.
• Rich broths from meat/fish, legumes and vegetables.
• Fatty varieties of pork, poultry meat (duck, goose), smoked meats, cooking/animal fats, kidneys, liver, sausages, meat and fish.
• Red caviar, salted and smoked fish, legumes, fish, meat, mushroom sauces, fatty cheese and cottage cheese, cream, sour cream. Sorrel, radish, radish, mushrooms, spinach, mustard, and horseradish are excluded from the diet.
• Ice cream, chocolate, pastries with cream, strong tea and black coffee, cocoa.
• The consumption of salt, pickles, marinades, sugar, honey, jam, grapes, and sodium mineral waters is limited.

Table of prohibited products

Menu for hypertensive patients (Diet regimen)

The diet for hypertension, the menu for the week are compiled according to the list of permitted products in accordance with the prescribed treatment table. Below is a sample menu for the week:

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Recipes

First meal

Vegetarian dumpling soup

Vegetable broth, potatoes, flour, 2 chicken eggs, milk, butter, garden herbs.

Prepare vegetable broth, add potatoes. Beat an egg into well-melted butter, add milk, beat, add flour until the dough has a viscous consistency. Take the resulting mass with a teaspoon and lower it into the boiling broth, forming dumplings, boil for 5-7 minutes. Sprinkle with garden herbs before serving.

Second courses

Chicken cutlets

Chicken white/brown meat, white bread, onion, 2 eggs, milk, vegetable oil, flour.

Prepare minced chicken, add egg, bread soaked in milk, onion, chopped herbs. Knead the resulting mass, form into cutlets, roll in flour and bake in the oven until cooked.

Dessert

Rice and carrot pudding

Egg, carrots, rice, butter, breadcrumbs, baking powder, yogurt.

Prepare rice. Grate the carrots, simmer, add rice, rub thoroughly through a sieve. Beat the egg into the resulting mass, add baking powder, breadcrumbs, and melted butter. Stir, place in a baking dish, bake for 40 minutes. Drizzle yoghurt on top.

Comments from nutritionists

Many patients with hypertension are interested in the question of whether it is possible to practice fasting to lose weight. No, high blood pressure and fasting are incompatible, and the recommendations of some authors on the Internet offering fasting treatment and positive reviews about such methods of treating hypertension can only harm your health. Moreover, not only hunger, but any strict diet is contraindicated for hypertensive patients. With a persistent increase in blood pressure, during a hypertensive crisis, two-day fasting diets are advisable: vegetable, cottage cheese, dairy, apple, rice-compote, dried fruit.

The role of diet in the fight against hypertension

When considering the effectiveness of dietary nutrition, it is necessary to take into account the starting data in each individual case. The transition to a healthy diet with an emphasis on lowering blood pressure is an important preventive measure for the risk group, which includes every second inhabitant of the planet.

The likelihood of developing hypertension increases with a sedentary lifestyle, excessive physical activity and stress, alcohol abuse, smoking, hereditary predisposition and age-related changes.

• Diet for knee arthritis. What foods are good and what are bad for arthrosis?

The beneficial effects of the diet must be supported by giving up bad habits, therapeutic exercises, breathing exercises, and walking.

High blood pressure can be of somatic origin and manifest itself as a symptom of diseases of the endocrine, digestive and cardiovascular systems.

When switching to restrictive diets and standard menus for hypertensive patients, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of concomitant diseases.

Dietary nutrition is not a basis for removing the diagnosis.

Reducing dosages, switching to gentle drugs or abandoning them is carried out by the attending physician on the basis of long-term observation.

Reviews and results

Dietary nutrition for hypertension, according to patient reviews, is an effective treatment method that helps normalize blood pressure. In general, the diet is well tolerated, but some patients suffer from low-salt foods, lack of smoked meats, and limiting sugar and sweets.

• “...Initial stage hypertension. After the diagnosis, I was very worried that I would repeat the problems of my parents. They are chronic hypertensives. I studied the literature available to me, re-read the forums on the topic: high blood pressure, nutrition for hypertension. I immediately decided for myself that I would not start the problem. A relative, a general practitioner, described everything to me. She prescribed diet 15, but with a small amount of salt, and advised me to get used to eating everything lightly salted and forget about pickles, marinades, and smoked meats. She also advised me to change my lifestyle, start moving actively, since I work at the computer all day, constantly monitor my weight, and stop even occasional smoking. Almost six months have passed, so far everything is working out, the pressure has been stabilized, and at the same time I have lost weight”;
• “...Hypertensive patient with extensive experience. In addition to taking medications, a low-salt and sometimes salt-free diet is very helpful. At first, I couldn’t get used to eating unsalted food for a long time, I was drawn to the usual sausages and ham, I wanted salted fish and cucumbers. But over time I got used to it, learned to add flavor to dishes with garden herbs, garlic, mild herbal spices, and dried fruits. Now I practically do not suffer from lack of salt. In addition, a salt-free diet helped normalize body weight, and shortness of breath disappeared. I try to lead a healthy lifestyle, practice physical activity (walking in the park), and ride a bicycle. This is how I have maintained my health for almost 10 years.”

The need to follow a diet

Compliance with the principles of therapeutic nutrition for hypertension will help stabilize blood pressure and manage with a minimum amount of hypotonic drugs.

In addition, a diet for hypertension will help reduce cholesterol levels and lose excess weight, and prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Vitamins and microelements reduce the permeability of the vascular wall, normalize vascular tone and increase immunity. The treatment table for hypertension is the prevention of the development of complications of the disease.